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year	gdp	gdp_change	gdp_deflator	m2	m2_change	m2_new	cpi	cpi_change	fed_spend	fed_deficit	top_tax_rate	jobless	dow_open	dow_close
1901	22.4	0	0	7.48	13.33		2500	0	0.53	0.063		4		
1902	24.2	0	0	8.17	9.22		2600	4	0.49	0.077		3.7		
1903	26.1	0	0	8.68	6.24		2700	3.85	0.52	0.045		3.9		
1904	25.8	0	0	9.24	6.45		2700	0	0.58	-0.043		5.4		
1905	28.9	0	0	10.24	10.82		2700	0	0.57	-0.023		4.3		
1906	30.9	0	0	11.08	8.2		2700	0	0.57	0.025		1.7		
1907	34	0	0	11.6	4.69		2800	3.7	0.58	0.087		2.8		
1908	30.3	0	0	11.44	-1.38		2700	-3.57	0.66	-0.057		8		
1909	32.2	0	0	12.68	10.84		2700	0	0.69	-0.089		5.1		
1910	33.4	0	0	13.34	5.21		2800	3.7	0.69	-0.018		5.9		
1911	34.3	0	0	14.12	5.85		2800	0	0.69	0.011		6.7		
1912	37.4	0	0	15.13	7.15		2900	3.57	0.69	0.003		4.6		
1913	39.1	0	0	15.78	4.3		2970	2.41	0.72	0.000	7.00	4.3		
1914	36.5	0	0	16.89	7.03		3010	1.35	0.73	0.000	7.00	7.9		
1915	38.7	0	0	17.59	4.14		3040	1	0.75	-0.063	7.00	8.5		
1916	49.6	0	0	20.85	18.53		3270	7.57	0.71	0.048	15.00	5.1		
1917	59.7	0	0	24.37	16.88		3840	17.43	1.95	-0.853	67.00	4.6		
1918	75.8	0	0	26.73	9.68		4510	17.45	12.68	-9.032	77.00	1.4		
1919	78.3	0	0	31.01	16.01		5180	14.86	18.49	-13.363	73.00	1.4		
1920	88.4	0	0	34.8	12.22		6000	15.83	6.36	0.291	73.00	5.2		
1921	73.6	0	0	32.85	-5.6		5360	-10.67	5.06	0.509	73.00	11.7		
1922	73.4	0	0	33.72	2.65		5020	-6.34	3.29	0.736	56.00	6.7		
1923	85.4	0	0	36.6	8.54		5110	1.79	3.14	0.713	56.00	2.4		
1924	87	0	0	38.58	5.41		5120	0.2	2.91	0.963	46.00	5		
1925	90.6	0	0	42.05	8.99		5250	2.54	2.92	0.717	25.00	3.2		
1926	97	0	0	43.68	3.88		5300	0.95	2.93	0.865	25.00	1.8		
1927	95.5	0	0	44.78	2.52		5200	-1.89	2.86	1.155	25.00	3.3		
1928	97.4	0	0	46.42	3.66		5130	-1.35	2.96	0.939	25.00	4.2		
1929	103.6	3.6	0	46.6	0.39		5130	0	3.13	0.734	24.00	3.2	300.31	248.48
1930	91.2	-8.6	-3.4	45.73	-1.87		5000	-2.53	3.3	0.8	25.00	8	248.48	164.58
1931	76.5	-6.4	-9.7	42.69	-6.65		4560	-8.8	3.6	-0.6	25.00	15.9	164.58	77.9
1932	58.7	-13	-10.2	36.05	-15.55		4090	-10.31	4.7	-4.0	63.00	23.6	74.06	60.26
1933	56.4	-1.3	-2.7	32.22	-10.62		3880	-5.13	4.6	-4.5	63.00	24.9	59.93	98.67
1934	66.0	10.8	6.2	34.36	6.64		4010	3.35	6.5	-5.9	63.00	21.7	99.9	104.04
1935	73.3	8.9	2.2	39.07	13.71		4110	2.49	6.4	-4.0	63.00	20	104.04	144.13
1936	83.8	13	1.3	43.48	11.29		4150	0.97	8.2	-5.5	79.00	16.9	144.13	179.9
1937	91.9	5.1	4.6	45.68	5.06		4300	3.61	7.6	-2.5	79.00	14.3	178.39	120.85
1938	86.1	-3.4	-2.8	45.51	-0.37		4220	-1.86	6.8	-0.1	79.00	19	120.85	154.36
1939	92.2	8.1	-1.1	49.27	8.26		4160	-1.42	9.1	-3.2	79.00	17.2	154.76	149.99
1940	101.4	8.8	1.2	55.2	12.04		4200	0.96	9.5	-2.9	81.10	14.6		
1941	126.7	17.1	7.9	62.51	13.24		4410	5	13.7	-4.9	81.00	9.9		
1942	161.9	18.5	9.2	71.16	13.84		4880	10.66	35.1	-20.5	88.00	4.7		
1943	198.6	16.4	6.3	89.91	26.35		5180	6.15	78.6	-54.6	88.00	1.9		
1944	219.8	8.1	2.6	106.82	18.81		5270	1.74	91.3	-47.6	94.00	1.2		
1945	223.1	-1.1	2.6	126.63	18.55		5390	2.28	92.7	-47.6	94.00	1.9		
1946	222.3	-11	10.6	138.73	9.56		5850	8.53	55.2	-15.9	86.45	3.9		
1947	244.2	-0.9	10.7	146	5.24		6690	14.36	34.5	4.0	86.45	3.9		
1948	269.2	4.4	5.8	148.11	1.45		7210	7.77	29.8	11.8	82.13	3.8		
1949	267.3	-0.5	-0.2	147.46	-0.44		7140	-0.97	38.8	0.6	82.13	6.1		
1950	293.8	8.7	1.2	150.81	2.27		7210	0.98	42.6	-3.1	84.36	3		
1951	339.3	7.7	7.8	156.45	3.74		7780	7.91	45.5	6.1	91.00	3.3		
1952	358.3	3.8	1.8	164.92	5.41		7950	2.19	67.7	-1.5	92.00	3		
1953	379.4	4.6	1.3	171.19	3.8		8010	0.75	76.1	-6.5	92.00	2.9		
1954	380.4	-0.7	1	177.16	3.49		8050	0.5	70.9	-1.2	91.00	5.5		
1955	414.8	7.1	1.9	183.69	3.69		8020	-0.37	68.4	-3.0	91.00	4.4		
1956	437.5	1.9	3.6	186.87	1.73		8140	1.5	70.6	3.9	91.00	4.1		
1957	461.1	2	3.4	191.82	2.65		8430	3.56	76.6	3.4	91.00	4.3		
1958	467.2	-1	2.3	201.12	4.85		8660	2.73	82.4	-2.8	91.00	6.8		
1959	506.6	7.1	1.3	210.67	4.75		8730	0.81	92.1	-12.8	91.00	5.5		
1960	526.4	2.5	1.4	221.24	5.02		8870	1.6	92.2	0.3	91.00	5.5		
1961	544.7	2.3	1.2	233.92	5.73		8960	1.01	97.7	-3.3	91.00	6.7		
1962	567.6	6.1	1.4	249.15	6.51		9060	1.12	106.8	-7.1	91.00	5.5		
1963	598.7	4.4	1.1	264.73	6.25		9170	1.21	111.3	-4.8	91.00	5.7		
1964	640.4	5.8	1.6	285.89	7.99		9290	1.31	118.5	-5.9	77.00	5.2		
1965	687.1	6.4	2	308.02	7.74		9450	1.72	118.2	-1.4	70.00	4.5		
1966	752.9	6.5	3	331.78	7.71		9720	2.86	134.5	-3.7	70.00	3.8		
1967	811.8	2.5	3.2	361.6	8.99		10000	2.88	157.5	-8.6	70.00	3.8		
1968	866.6	4.8	4.5	385.17	6.52		10420	4.2	178.1	-25.2	75.25	3.6		
1969	948.6	3.1	5.1	401.29	3.72		10980	5.37	183.64	3.24	77.00	3.5		
1970	1012.2	0.2	5.3		6.55		11630	5.92	195.65	-2.84	71.75	4.9		
1971	1079.9	3.4	5.1		13.36		12150	4.47	210.17	-23.03	70.00	5.9		
1972	1178.3	5.3	4.6		12.96		12540	3.21	230.68	-23.37	70.00	5.6		
1973	1307.6	5.8	5.9		6.63		13320	6.22	245.71	-14.91	70.00	4.9		
1974	1439.3	-0.5	9		5.45		14790	11.04	269.36	-6.14	70.00	5.6		
1975	1560.7	-0.2	9.4		12.65		16140	9.13	332.33	-53.24	70.00	8.5		
1976	1736.5	5.3	6.1		13.36		17070	5.76	371.79	-73.73	70.00	7.7		
1977	1974.3	4.6	6.7		10.26		18180	6.5	95.98	-53.66	70.00	7.1		
1978	2217.0	5.6	7.4		7.54		19560	7.59	409.22	-59.19	70.00	6.1		
1979	2500.7	3.2	8.5		7.89		21780	11.35	458.75	-40.73	70.00	5.8		
1980	2726.7	-0.2	9		0		0	0	504.03	-73.83	70.00	7.1		
1981	3054.7	2.5	9.7		0		0	0	590.94	-78.97	70.00	7.6		
1982	3227.6	-1.9	5.9		0		0	0	678.24	-127.98	50.00	9.7		
1983	3440.7	4.5	4.2		0		0	0	745.74	-207.8	50.00	9.6		
1984	3840.2	7.2	4		0		0	0	808.36	-185.37	50.00	7.5		
1985	4141.5	4.1	3.2		0		0	0	851.85	-212.31	50.00	7.2		
1986	4412.4	3.5	2.2		0		0	0	946.4	-221.22	50.00	7		
1987	4647.1	3.4	2.8		0		0	0	990.43	-149.73	38.50	6.2		
1988	5008.6	4.1	3.6		0		0	0	1004.08	-155.15	33.00	5.4		
1989	5400.5	3.5	4		0		0	0	1064.46	-152.46	33.00	5.3		
1990	5735.4	1.9	3.9		0		0	0	1143.65	-221.2	33.00	5.5		
1991	5935.1	-0.2	3.5		0		0	0	1253.17	-269.33	31.00	6.9		
1992	6239.9	3.3	2.4		0		0	0	1324.37	-290.38	39.60	7.4		
1993	6575.5	2.7	2.3		0		0	0	1381.66	-255.09	39.60	6.8		
1994	6961.3	4	2.2		0		0	0	1409.49	-203.25	39.60	6.1		
1995	7325.8	2.5	2.1		0		0	0	1461.88	-163.97	39.60	5.6		
1996	7694.1	3.7	2		0		0	0	1515.8	-107.47	39.60			
1997	8182.4	4.5	1.7		0		0	0	1560.54	-21.96	39.60			
1998	8627.9	4.2	1.1		0		0	0	1601.25	69.21	39.60			
1999	9125.3	4.5	1.5		0		0	0	1652.59	125.56	39.60			
2000	9709.8	3.7	2.2		0		0	0	1701.89	236.45	39.60			
2001	10057.9	0.8	2.4		0		0	0	1788.77	127.3	39.10			
2002	10377.4	1.6	1.8		0		0	0	1863.9	-157.8	38.60			
2003	10808.6	2.5	2.2		0		0	0	2010.98	-304.16	35.00			
2004	11499.9	3.6	3		0		0	0	2140.38		35.00			
2005	12237.9	3.1	3.3		0		0	0			35.00			
2006	13015.5	2.9	3.2		0		0	0			35.00			
2007	13667.5	2	5		0		0	0						
2008	14311.5	4	4		0		0	0						
2009	15027.0	3	4		0		0	0

Year	Gross Domestic Product	Annual Change in Gross Domestic Product	GDP Deflator	M2 Money Supply	Annual Change in M2	M2 Money Supply (New Series)	Consumer Product Index
	Annual CPI Change	Annual Federal Spending	Annual Federal Deficit	Top Marginal Income Tax Rate	Average Annual Unemployment Rate	Dow Jones Industrials Open	Dow Jones Industrials Close
1901	22.4	0	0	7.48	13.33		2500
	0	0.53	0.063		4
1902	24.2	0	0	8.17	9.22		2600
	4	0.49	0.077		3.7
1903	26.1	0	0	8.68	6.24		2700
	3.85	0.52	0.045		3.9
1904	25.8	0	0	9.24	6.45		2700
	0	0.58	-0.043		5.4
1905	28.9	0	0	10.24	10.82		2700
	0	0.57	-0.023		4.3
1906	30.9	0	0	11.08	8.2		2700
	0	0.57	0.025		1.7
1907	34	0	0	11.6	4.69		2800
	3.7	0.58	0.087		2.8
1908	30.3	0	0	11.44	-1.38		2700
	-3.57	0.66	-0.057		8
1909	32.2	0	0	12.68	10.84		2700
	0	0.69	-0.089		5.1
1910	33.4	0	0	13.34	5.21		2800
	3.7	0.69	-0.018		5.9
1911	34.3	0	0	14.12	5.85		2800
	0	0.69	0.011		6.7
1912	37.4	0	0	15.13	7.15		2900
	3.57	0.69	0.003		4.6
1913	39.1	0	0	15.78	4.3		2970
	2.41	0.72	0.000	7.00	4.3
1914	36.5	0	0	16.89	7.03		3010
	1.35	0.73	0.000	7.00	7.9
1915	38.7	0	0	17.59	4.14		3040
	1	0.75	-0.063	7.00	8.5
1916	49.6	0	0	20.85	18.53		3270
	7.57	0.71	0.048	15.00	5.1
1917	59.7	0	0	24.37	16.88		3840
	17.43	1.95	-0.853	67.00	4.6
1918	75.8	0	0	26.73	9.68		4510
	17.45	12.68	-9.032	77.00	1.4
1919	78.3	0	0	31.01	16.01		5180
	14.86	18.49	-13.363	73.00	1.4
1920	88.4	0	0	34.8	12.22		6000
	15.83	6.36	0.291	73.00	5.2
1921	73.6	0	0	32.85	-5.6		5360
	-10.67	5.06	0.509	73.00	11.7
1922	73.4	0	0	33.72	2.65		5020
	-6.34	3.29	0.736	56.00	6.7
1923	85.4	0	0	36.6	8.54		5110
	1.79	3.14	0.713	56.00	2.4
1924	87	0	0	38.58	5.41		5120
	0.2	2.91	0.963	46.00	5
1925	90.6	0	0	42.05	8.99		5250
	2.54	2.92	0.717	25.00	3.2
1926	97	0	0	43.68	3.88		5300
	0.95	2.93	0.865	25.00	1.8
1927	95.5	0	0	44.78	2.52		5200
	-1.89	2.86	1.155	25.00	3.3
1928	97.4	0	0	46.42	3.66		5130
	-1.35	2.96	0.939	25.00	4.2
1929	103.6	3.6	0	46.6	0.39		5130
	0	3.13	0.734	24.00	3.2	300.31	248.48
1930	91.2	-8.6	-3.4	45.73	-1.87		5000
	-2.53	3.3	0.8	25.00	8	248.48	164.58
1931	76.5	-6.4	-9.7	42.69	-6.65		4560
	-8.8	3.6	-0.6	25.00	15.9	164.58	77.9
1932	58.7	-13	-10.2	36.05	-15.55		4090
	-10.31	4.7	-4.0	63.00	23.6	74.06	60.26
1933	56.4	-1.3	-2.7	32.22	-10.62		3880
	-5.13	4.6	-4.5	63.00	24.9	59.93	98.67
1934	66.0	10.8	6.2	34.36	6.64		4010
	3.35	6.5	-5.9	63.00	21.7	99.9	104.04
1935	73.3	8.9	2.2	39.07	13.71		4110
	2.49	6.4	-4.0	63.00	20	104.04	144.13
1936	83.8	13	1.3	43.48	11.29		4150
	0.97	8.2	-5.5	79.00	16.9	144.13	179.9
1937	91.9	5.1	4.6	45.68	5.06		4300
	3.61	7.6	-2.5	79.00	14.3	178.39	120.85
1938	86.1	-3.4	-2.8	45.51	-0.37		4220
	-1.86	6.8	-0.1	79.00	19	120.85	154.36
1939	92.2	8.1	-1.1	49.27	8.26		4160
	-1.42	9.1	-3.2	79.00	17.2	154.76	149.99
1940	101.4	8.8	1.2	55.2	12.04		4200
	0.96	9.5	-2.9	81.10	14.6
1941	126.7	17.1	7.9	62.51	13.24		4410
	5	13.7	-4.9	81.00	9.9
1942	161.9	18.5	9.2	71.16	13.84		4880
	10.66	35.1	-20.5	88.00	4.7
1943	198.6	16.4	6.3	89.91	26.35		5180
	6.15	78.6	-54.6	88.00	1.9
1944	219.8	8.1	2.6	106.82	18.81		5270
	1.74	91.3	-47.6	94.00	1.2
1945	223.1	-1.1	2.6	126.63	18.55		5390
	2.28	92.7	-47.6	94.00	1.9
1946	222.3	-11	10.6	138.73	9.56		5850
	8.53	55.2	-15.9	86.45	3.9
1947	244.2	-0.9	10.7	146	5.24		6690
	14.36	34.5	4.0	86.45	3.9
1948	269.2	4.4	5.8	148.11	1.45		7210
	7.77	29.8	11.8	82.13	3.8
1949	267.3	-0.5	-0.2	147.46	-0.44		7140
	-0.97	38.8	0.6	82.13	6.1
1950	293.8	8.7	1.2	150.81	2.27		7210
	0.98	42.6	-3.1	84.36	3
1951	339.3	7.7	7.8	156.45	3.74		7780
	7.91	45.5	6.1	91.00	3.3
1952	358.3	3.8	1.8	164.92	5.41		7950
	2.19	67.7	-1.5	92.00	3
1953	379.4	4.6	1.3	171.19	3.8		8010
	0.75	76.1	-6.5	92.00	2.9
1954	380.4	-0.7	1	177.16	3.49		8050
	0.5	70.9	-1.2	91.00	5.5
1955	414.8	7.1	1.9	183.69	3.69		8020
	-0.37	68.4	-3.0	91.00	4.4
1956	437.5	1.9	3.6	186.87	1.73		8140
	1.5	70.6	3.9	91.00	4.1
1957	461.1	2	3.4	191.82	2.65		8430
	3.56	76.6	3.4	91.00	4.3
1958	467.2	-1	2.3	201.12	4.85		8660
	2.73	82.4	-2.8	91.00	6.8
1959	506.6	7.1	1.3	210.67	4.75		8730
	0.81	92.1	-12.8	91.00	5.5
1960	526.4	2.5	1.4	221.24	5.02		8870
	1.6	92.2	0.3	91.00	5.5
1961	544.7	2.3	1.2	233.92	5.73		8960
	1.01	97.7	-3.3	91.00	6.7
1962	567.6	6.1	1.4	249.15	6.51		9060
	1.12	106.8	-7.1	91.00	5.5
1963	598.7	4.4	1.1	264.73	6.25		9170
	1.21	111.3	-4.8	91.00	5.7
1964	640.4	5.8	1.6	285.89	7.99		9290
	1.31	118.5	-5.9	77.00	5.2
1965	687.1	6.4	2	308.02	7.74		9450
	1.72	118.2	-1.4	70.00	4.5
1966	752.9	6.5	3	331.78	7.71		9720
	2.86	134.5	-3.7	70.00	3.8
1967	811.8	2.5	3.2	361.6	8.99		10000
	2.88	157.5	-8.6	70.00	3.8
1968	866.6	4.8	4.5	385.17	6.52		10420
	4.2	178.1	-25.2	75.25	3.6
1969	948.6	3.1	5.1	401.29	3.72		10980
	5.37	183.64	3.24	77.00	3.5
1970	1012.2	0.2	5.3		6.55		11630
	5.92	195.65	-2.84	71.75	4.9
1971	1079.9	3.4	5.1		13.36		12150
	4.47	210.17	-23.03	70.00	5.9
1972	1178.3	5.3	4.6		12.96		12540
	3.21	230.68	-23.37	70.00	5.6
1973	1307.6	5.8	5.9		6.63		13320
	6.22	245.71	-14.91	70.00	4.9
1974	1439.3	-0.5	9		5.45		14790
	11.04	269.36	-6.14	70.00	5.6
1975	1560.7	-0.2	9.4		12.65		16140
	9.13	332.33	-53.24	70.00	8.5
1976	1736.5	5.3	6.1		13.36		17070
	5.76	371.79	-73.73	70.00	7.7
1977	1974.3	4.6	6.7		10.26		18180
	6.5	95.98	-53.66	70.00	7.1
1978	2217.0	5.6	7.4		7.54		19560
	7.59	409.22	-59.19	70.00	6.1
1979	2500.7	3.2	8.5		7.89		21780
	11.35	458.75	-40.73	70.00	5.8
1980	2726.7	-0.2	9		0		0
	0	504.03	-73.83	70.00	7.1
1981	3054.7	2.5	9.7		0		0
	0	590.94	-78.97	70.00	7.6
1982	3227.6	-1.9	5.9		0		0
	0	678.24	-127.98	50.00	9.7
1983	3440.7	4.5	4.2		0		0
	0	745.74	-207.8	50.00	9.6
1984	3840.2	7.2	4		0		0
	0	808.36	-185.37	50.00	7.5
1985	4141.5	4.1	3.2		0		0
	0	851.85	-212.31	50.00	7.2
1986	4412.4	3.5	2.2		0		0
	0	946.4	-221.22	50.00	7
1987	4647.1	3.4	2.8		0		0
	0	990.43	-149.73	38.50	6.2
1988	5008.6	4.1	3.6		0		0
	0	1004.08	-155.15	33.00	5.4
1989	5400.5	3.5	4		0		0
	0	1064.46	-152.46	33.00	5.3
1990	5735.4	1.9	3.9		0		0
	0	1143.65	-221.2	33.00	5.5
1991	5935.1	-0.2	3.5		0		0
	0	1253.17	-269.33	31.00	6.9
1992	6239.9	3.3	2.4		0		0
	0	1324.37	-290.38	39.60	7.4
1993	6575.5	2.7	2.3		0		0
	0	1381.66	-255.09	39.60	6.8
1994	6961.3	4	2.2		0		0
	0	1409.49	-203.25	39.60	6.1
1995	7325.8	2.5	2.1		0		0
	0	1461.88	-163.97	39.60	5.6
1996	7694.1	3.7	2		0		0
	0	1515.8	-107.47	39.60
1997	8182.4	4.5	1.7		0		0
	0	1560.54	-21.96	39.60
1998	8627.9	4.2	1.1		0		0
	0	1601.25	69.21	39.60
1999	9125.3	4.5	1.5		0		0
	0	1652.59	125.56	39.60
2000	9709.8	3.7	2.2		0		0
	0	1701.89	236.45	39.60
2001	10057.9	0.8	2.4		0		0
	0	1788.77	127.3	39.10
2002	10377.4	1.6	1.8		0		0
	0	1863.9	-157.8	38.60
2003	10808.6	2.5	2.2		0		0
	0	2010.98	-304.16	35.00
2004	11499.9	3.6	3		0		0
	0	2140.38		35.00
2005	12237.9	3.1	3.3		0		0
	0			35.00
2006	13015.5	2.9	3.2		0		0
	0			35.00
2007	13667.5	2	5		0		0
	0
2008	14311.5	4	4		0		0
	0
2009	15027.0	3	4		0		0
	0

Consumer Price Index:
The US Census Bureau maintains a time series, E-135: Consumer Price Indexes (all items) from 1800 to 1970.
Bicentennial Edition: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1
E. Prices and Price Indexes: Series E-135; p.211 (pdf)

Why Stuck on Stupid?

Seventy years ago the leaders of both US political parties turned away from the policies that had created an economic powerhouse we call the Roaring Twenties. For ten long years Americans suffered through wrenching economic dislocations: deflation, inflation, a four-year economic contraction, endless unemployment, mindless political experiments, and ruthless attacks on businessmen for political gain as their leaders stayed Stuck on Stupid.

Today, after a twenty-five year economic boom, Americans are once more faced with a political elite that wants to monkey with success. It wants to raise tax rates. It wants to restrict trade. It wants to increase government power.

It‘s time to look back and remind ourselves how it came to be, starting in 1929, that America got itself Stuck on Stupid. Otherwise it could happen again.

1929-1939: “A Decade that will live — in stupidity.”

Democratic Capitalism

Three dynamic and converging systems functioning as one: a democratic polity, an economy based on markets and incentives, and a moral-cultural system which is plural and, in the largest sense, liberal.
Michael Novak, The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism

Education

“We have met with families in which for weeks together, not an article of sustenance but potatoes had been used; yet for every child the hard-earned sum was provided to send them to school.”
E. G. West, Education and the State

Government Expenditure

The Union publishes an exact return of the amount of its taxes; I can get copies of the budgets of the four and twenty component states; but who can tell me what the citizens spend in the administration of county and township?
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

Mutual Aid

In 1911... at least nine million of the 12 million covered by national insurance were already members of voluntary sick pay schemes. A similar proportion were also eligible for medical care.
Green, Reinventing Civil Society